{"id":2158,"date":"2022-07-12T14:58:48","date_gmt":"2022-07-12T12:58:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/?p=2158"},"modified":"2022-07-14T15:47:00","modified_gmt":"2022-07-14T13:47:00","slug":"climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate Change and Cultural Heritage"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">From rising temperatures and sea levels, to desertification and extreme weather events, climate change presents a global crisis that requires global collective action. The science is clear: without concrete and decisive climate action, we stand to lose a lot. This crisis not only puts natural sites around the world in danger, but also our abundance of shared cultural history and heritage. To save our World Heritage, we need to mitigate climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class='cdsur-lat-lng-map alignwide '><h6 class='cdsur-lat-lng-map-title'><\/h6><div class='cdsur-lat-lng-map-list'><\/div><div id='cdsurMap' class='cdsur-lat-lng-map-Map' '><img id='cdsurImage' class='cdsur-lat-lng-map-Image' src='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/UNEA_day_4_world_heritage_story_846_587_80.jpg' style='width: 100%'><\/div><\/div><script>window.latLng =window.latLng || {}; window.latLng.view = window.latLng.view || {}; window.latLng.view.lat = '', window.latLng.view.lng = '', window.latLng.view.zoom = ''<\/script><script>window.latLng.pluginUrl ='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/themes\/cdsur\/framework\/Blocks\/lat_lng_open_street_map';<\/script><script>window.ImagePlaceholder ='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/UNEA_day_4_world_heritage_story_846_587_80.jpg';<\/script>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u201cChange minds, not the climate\u201d<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-counter='1' id='latLng_1' class='latLng-element'><\/span><script>window.latLng.markers = window.latLng.markers || []; window.latLng.markers = window.latLng.markers || {}; window.latLng.markers.push({id:\"latLng_1\", label:\"\u201cChange minds, not the climate\u201d\", lat:\"\", lng:\"\"})<\/script>Mitigating anthropogenic climate change, including more frequent and intense weather events, requires large-scale transformative change and serious climate action from all sectors of society. The most recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), &#8220;<em>Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability<\/em>&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">P\u00f6rtner <em>et alii <\/em>2022<\/a>), highlights the explicit interdependence and intersections between the Earth\u2019s climate and natural systems and human societies.<br>UNESCO has released a wide body of literature encouraging the world to mobilise together to mitigate the worst of climate change, stating in its 2019 publication &#8220;<em>Changing minds, not the climate!<\/em>&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000245977\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2019,<\/a>b), that the climate crisis is the \u201cchallenge of the century\u201d and that we are in a \u201crace against time.\u201d<br><br>The climate crisis has the potential to radically alter all aspects of life as we currently know it. A crisis of this scale requires all sectors of society, not only those directly related to climate research or policymaking, to work together to mitigate the greatest effects of climate change. UNESCO explicitly highlights and encourages this shared responsibility to action, stating:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8220;<em><em>The climate crisis is not only threatening our ecosystems, it is also undermining fundamental rights, widening inequalities and creating new injustices. That is why ethical imperative must guide our action. Beyond the political and legal agreements essential to preparing for the future, change involves a shift in mindset, a different way of considering the place of humans in nature. This challenge mobilises all resources, including education, research and creativity. It is an ethical and humanistic commitment. This is UNESCO\u2019s mandate, and it is a matter of urgency<\/em><\/em>&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000370750.locale=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2019,b<\/a>).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>A wide array of threats, including terrorism, armed conflict, and climate change, risk compromising the continued preservation or, in some cases, the <em>existence,<\/em> of World Heritage properties around the world. As expressed explicitly in the UNESCO Climate Policy Document, &#8220;<em>Updating of the Policy Document on climate action for World Heritage&#8221;,<\/em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/archive\/2021\/whc21-23GA-inf11-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2021,e<\/a>), climate change has become one of the most significant threats to both natural and cultural World Heritage Properties, with the potential to impact their <em>Outstanding Universal Value <\/em>(OUV), including their Authenticity and Integrity, as well as their capacity for local economic and social development. According to UNESCO:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>\u201c<em>Outstanding Universal Value means cultural and\/or natural significance which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity. As such, the permanent protection of this heritage is of the highest importance to the international community as a whole<\/em>\u201d <\/em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/compendium\/action=list&amp;id_faq_themes=962&amp;extracts=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">World Heritage Policy Compendium<\/a>. See also <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2021,a<\/a>).&nbsp;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Nevertheless, the topic of climate change as a legitimate and large-scale threat has only recently been a consideration of UNESCO and other international bodies.<br>A major goal of the UNESCO World Heritage List is the continued commitment of States Parties to conserve cultural and natural heritage around the world, so as to preserve and share these cultural legacies with future generations. The 1972 <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/conventiontext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage<\/em><\/a> stipulates that the \u201c&#8230;deterioration or disappearance of any item of the cultural or natural heritage constitutes a harmful impoverishment of the heritage of all the nations of the world&#8230;\u201d If sites are not adequately prepared, or serious climate action fails to be implemented at the local, national, and international levels, World Heritage sites may be destroyed by extreme climate events, and therefore, lost to future generations. Loss of cultural or natural heritage anywhere in the world is not just a loss for the country where the site is located, but for all the world\u2019s people. This is highlighted in the 1954 \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/protecting-heritage\/convention-and-protocols\/1954-convention\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Convention of Aja\u2019 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict<\/em><\/a>, which states: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>\u201c&#8230; any damage to cultural property, irrespective of the people it belongs to, is a damage to the cultural heritage of all humanity, because every people contributes to the world\u2019s culture\u2026\u201d.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Preserving cultural heritage means being adequately prepared to respond to the variety of threats that may compromise Authenticity, Integrity, and\/or the Outstanding Universal Value of a given World Heritage Property.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>UNESCO, World Heritage, and Climate Change<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-counter='2' id='latLng_2' class='latLng-element'><\/span><script>window.latLng.markers = window.latLng.markers || []; window.latLng.markers = window.latLng.markers || {}; window.latLng.markers.push({id:\"latLng_2\", label:\"UNESCO, World Heritage, and Climate Change\", lat:\"\", lng:\"\"})<\/script>In 2017, UNESCO adopted a \u201c<em>Strategy for Action on Climate Change<\/em>\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000259255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2017,a<\/a>) to enable Member States to progress in their commitments to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/climate-change\/paris-agreement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Paris Agreement on Climate Change<\/a> (2015) end the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/development-agenda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UN Agenda 2030<\/a> for Sustainable Development. The strategy explicitly highlights that cultural heritage and cultural diversity are resources that Member States can look to and learn from in their response to climate change. The strategy explicitly highlights that cultural heritage and cultural diversity are resources that Member States can look to and learn from in their response to climate change (<a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000370750.locale=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2019,b<\/a>). <br>As such, UNESCO is involved in a variety of initiatives and projects that foster the culture-science nexus, including a joint initiative (&#8220;<em>Evaluation of UNESCO\u2019s Strategy for Action on Climate Change<\/em>&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/in\/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&amp;id=p::usmarcdef_0000378455&amp;file=\/in\/rest\/annotationSVC\/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment\/attach_import_82a20829-cd58-49f9-9f58-b75bb99b1b01%3F_%3D378455eng.pdf&amp;updateUrl=updateUrl2007&amp;ark=\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000378455\/PDF\/378455eng.pdf.multi&amp;fullScreen=true&amp;locale=en#873_21_Evaluation%20of%20unesco%27s%20strategy%20for%20action%20on%20climate%20chang.indd%3A.38126%3A5420\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(UNESCO 2021,c)<\/a> with the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to include and promote culture as a fundamental consideration and potential resource in climate change mitigation and adaptation in IPCC assessment reports.<br><br>ICOMOS, advisory body of UNESCO, emphasizes the importance of both responding to and adequately preparing for the risks of climate change to cultural heritage <em>and<\/em> \u201c&#8230;championing heritage as a source of resilience and an asset to climate action&#8230;\u201d underscoring the need for better conservation and management of tangible and intangible cultural resources (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icomos.org\/en\/focus\/climate-change\/60669-icomos-work-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ICOMOS 2019,b<\/a>). <br><br>To increase engagement of cultural heritage in the wider climate discourse, the ICOMOS Climate Action Working group published the volume &#8220;<em>The Future of our Pasts: Engaging Cultural Heritage in Climate Action<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/openarchive.icomos.org\/id\/eprint\/2459\/1\/CCHWG_final_print.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ICOMOS 2019<\/a>,a), which presents a multidisciplinary approach to cultural heritage intended for site managers, scientists, researchers, climate activists, and policy-makers. Considerations for this report will also influence the updating of the &#8220;<em>UNESCO Policy Document for Climate Action on World Heritage&#8221; <\/em>(described in detail below). In 2020, the ICOMOS General Assembly declared a Climate and Ecological Emergency, calling for \u201curgent collective action by all relevant actors to safeguard cultural and natural heritage from climate change\u201d and to \u201cimplement heritage responses to climate change\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icomos.org\/en\/what-we-do\/disseminating-knowledge\/icomos-working-groups?start=6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ICOMOS 2022<\/a>).<br><br>Cultural heritage has the potential to help direct climate action and support the transition to a low carbon and climate resilient future. A better understanding of the cultural dimensions of global climate change is thus a necessary component of any climate action. Actively including cultural heritage in climate action further underlines the interconnected nature of natural and human systems. Further, raising awareness of the impacts that climate change may have on our shared cultural heritage, and all that we might lose if we do not act to the scale required, may strengthen public and political support for increased climate action. This idea threads throughout the previously mentioned ICOMOS report, stating:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8220;<em><em>The unique power of exceptional, iconic heritage sites \u2014 including the tangible and intangible values they carry \u2014 to stir people\u2019s souls, drive human responses and galvanise public opinion cannot be doubted<\/em>&#8221; <\/em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/openarchive.icomos.org\/id\/eprint\/2459\/1\/CCHWG_final_print.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ICOMOS 2019,a<\/a>, p.2).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Cultural heritage is deeply embedded in our societies and nearly all aspects of how we view and relate to the world, and shape our individual and collective identities. Current international agreements regarding climate change require that we make bold and transformative change. In looking forward to a sustainable future that celebrates diversity and our wide mosaic of cultural identities, it is paramount that cultural heritage helps guide this transformative change.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class='cdsur-collapsed-content align '><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-top-line'><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-thumbnail'><img src='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Mappa-culura_IT-300x300.jpeg'><\/div><h6 class='cdsur-collapsed-content-title'><strong><strong>Climate Change and UNESCO: a Brief Chronology<\/strong><\/strong><\/h6><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-opener' data-content-id=''><i class='icon icon-angle-down'><\/i><\/div><\/div><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-container'><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-text hasGallery '><strong>1972: <\/strong>UNESCO Member States adopt the <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/conventiontext\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage<\/em><\/a>, outlining a framework for the preservation of shared heritage for the benefit of current and future generations. The <em>Convention<\/em> is the principal instrument for identifying and conserving the Outstanding Universal Value of natural and cultural world heritage. Although the <em>Convention<\/em> does not explicitly link climate change as a threat to world heritage, viewing this document through a contemporary lens necessitates that UNESCO World Heritage Properties evaluate and protect heritage from the impacts of a changing climate.<br>\u00a0<br><strong>2005: <\/strong>Climate change and its impacts on World Heritage brought to the attention of the World Heritage Committee by a group of concerned organisations and individuals (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/climatechange\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2022<\/a>).<br>\u00a0<br><strong>2006: <\/strong>Under the guidance of the World Heritage Committee, various advisory bodies (such as ICCROM, ICOMOS, and IUCN), and a broad expert Working Group, UNESCO publishes the report  &#8220;<em>Climate Change and World Heritage. Report on Predicting and managing the impacts of climate change on World Heritage <\/em>and <em>Strategy to assist States Parties to implement appropriate management responses<\/em>&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/documents\/publi_wh_papers_22_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Collette 2007,a<\/a>) ,alongside a <em>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/compendium\/80\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Strategy to Assist States Parties to the Convention to Implement Appropriate Management Responses<\/a>&#8220;<\/em>.<br>\u00a0<br><strong>2007: <\/strong>Compilation of &#8220;Case studies&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/activities\/473\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Collette 2007,b<\/a>), from selected natural and cultural World Heritage sites to illustrate the already observed and expected impacts of climate change. This leads to the adoption by the General Assembly of States Parties to the World Heritage Convention of a &#8220;<em>Policy Document on the impacts of climate change on World Heritage Properties&#8221;<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/CC-policy-document\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2008<\/a>)<em>.<\/em><br>\u00a0<br><strong>2016: <\/strong>World Heritage Committee requests the World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies to periodically review and update the 2007 Policy Document with the most current knowledge and mitigation strategies available regarding climate change (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/decisions\/6817\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2016<\/a>, 40.COM 7 &#8211; Decision).<br>\u00a0<br><strong>2017: <\/strong>World Heritage Committee reiterates the importance of States Parties to undertake the most ambitious implementation of the <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/process-and-meetings\/the-paris-agreement\/the-paris-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Paris Agreement<\/a> of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by \u201cholding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change\u201d.The Committee strongly invites all States Parties to ratify the Paris Agreement and undertake actions to address climate change consistent with their obligations within the World Heritage Conventionto protect the Outstanding Universal Value of all World Heritage properties (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/decisions\/6940\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2017,b<\/a>, 41.COM 7 &#8211; Decision).<br>\u00a0<br><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/news\/1736\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">An international expert workshop<\/a>, organised in cooperation with the UNESCO World Heritage Centre and various Advisory bodies, takes place in Vilm, Germany, to discuss climate change developements in relation to World Heritage Properties and the revision of the 2007 Policy Document.<br>\u00a0<br><strong>2018: <\/strong>Preliminary results from the 2017&#8217;s expert workshop and recommendations for the updating of the 2007 Climate Policy Document are brought to the attention of the World Heritage Committee. Following this, the World Heritage Centre initiates the revision and updating process in close consultation with Advisory bodies, including the ICOMOS Climate Change and Heritage Working Group, and among others, senior experts in the fields of heritage conservation and management, disaster risk management, capacity-building, climate science and policy.<br>\u00a0<br><strong>2019: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/news\/2074\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wide online consultation<\/a> involving all World Heritage Convention stakeholders on the updating of the Policy Document launched at the end of 2019 until the end of January 2020. A questionnaire was widely circulated among States Parties, site managers, local communities, Indigenous Peoples, academics, NGOs, civil society, and advisory bodies.<br><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><br><strong>2020: <\/strong>\u00a0A first draft of the updated Policy Document was prepared by experts, incorporating policies and strategies already adopted at the international level, the overarching framework of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the periodic reporting of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the 2015 Paris Agreement, the 2015 <em>Policy Document for the Integration of a sustainable development perspective into the processes of the World Heritage Convention, <\/em>the 2017 <em>New UNESCO Strategy for Action on Climate Change, <\/em>the 2017 <em>UNESCO Declaration of Ethical Principles in relation to Climate Change, <\/em>as well as the recommendations compiled from the 2017 expert meeting in Vilm, Germany, and the outcomes from the 2019 online consultation (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/climatechange\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2022<\/a>).<br>\u00a0<br><strong>2021: <\/strong>Prior to the extended 44th session of the World Heritage Committee, an online meeting took place 18 June 2021 to present the draft of the <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/events\/1602\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Updated <em>Policy Document on climate action for World Heritage<\/em><\/a>.<\/div><div id='4774' class='cdsur-collapsed-content-gallery wp-block-gallery'><figure class='cdsur-collapsed-content-gallery-item'><a href='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Mappa-culura_IT.jpeg' data-lightbox='4774' data-title=''><img alt='' id='img_1948' src='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Mappa-culura_IT.jpeg'><\/a><figcaption class='blocks-gallery-item-caption'><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/CC-policy-document\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Policy<\/strong><\/a><strong>: Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Properties<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-counter='3' id='latLng_3' class='latLng-element'><\/span><script>window.latLng.markers = window.latLng.markers || []; window.latLng.markers = window.latLng.markers || {}; window.latLng.markers.push({id:\"latLng_3\", label:\"Policy: Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Properties\", lat:\"\", lng:\"\"})<\/script>In 2005, a group of concerned individuals and organizations first raised the issue of the impacts of climate change on natural and cultural World Heritage Properties. After that, the World Heritage Committee requested (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/decisions\/351\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2005<\/a> -29 COM 7B.a Decision) the World Heritage Centre, along with Advisory bodies, interested States Parties, and petitioners, to convene an expert working group to review the nature and scale of the risks associated with climate change and to prepare a strategy and report to assist States Parties in the implementation of appropriate management responses. In this decision, the Committee encouraged States Parties to \u201cseriously consider the potential impacts of climate change within their management planning\u2026 and to take early action in response to these potential impacts,\u201d further noting that the \u201cimpacts of climate change are affecting many and are likely to affect many more World Heritage properties, both natural and cultural in the years to come.\u201d<br><br>Both the report &#8220;<em>Predicting and Managing the Effects of climate change on World Heritage<\/em>&#8221; and the subsequent &#8220;<em>Strategy to Assist States Parties to the Convention to Implement Appropriate Management Responses<\/em>&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/documents\/publi_wh_papers_22_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Collette 2007,a<\/a>) were reviewed and endorsed by the World Heritage Committee at its 30th session (Vilnius, 2006) (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/decisions\/1046\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2006<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/decisions\/1046\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Decision 30 COM 7.1<\/a>), inviting States Parties to implement the strategy to \u201cprotect the Outstanding Universal Value, integrity and authenticity of World Heritage sites from the adverse effects of Climate Change.\u201d<br><br>Following the report and strategy on climate change, the World Heritage Committee requested the World Heritage Centre to develop a draft policy document on the impacts of climate change on World Heritage Properties to be discussed at the General Assembly of States Parties in 2007. It was requested that the document include the following considerations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Synergies between conventions on the issue.<\/li><li>Identification of future research needs in this area.<\/li><li>Legal questions on the role of the <em>World Heritage Convention<\/em> with regard to suitable responses to climate change.<\/li><li>Linkages to other UN and international bodies dealing with the issues of climate change.<\/li><li>Alternative mechanisms, other than the List of World Heritage in Danger, to address concerns of international implication, such as climate change.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2007 the General Assembly adopted the Policy (&#8220;<em>Policy Document on the Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Properties<\/em>&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/CC-policy-document\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2008<\/a>), strongly recommending its implementation by States Parties.<br><br>The Policy Document highlights the science and understanding of climate change available at the time of its publication, particularly highlighting the increase of Earth\u2019s surface temperature and rising sea levels that seriously threaten Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The document further highlights that the increasing occurrence of extreme weather conditions may cause certain areas to become uninhabitable.<br><br>Also Cultural Properties are subject to a variety of threats posed by a changing climate. As evidenced in the Policy Document, climate change profoundly affects soil stability, which may in turn affect archaeological sites and remains that are highly vulnerable to any hydrological, chemical, or biological changes associated with a shift in soil stability. Another example highlights that the porous nature of historic building materials allows for greater moisture and salt mobilisation, consequently resulting in damage to decorated surfaces from salt crystallisation. It is increasingly likely that more frequent flooding episodes will damage building materials not designed to withstand prolonged immersion. The document further highlights social consequences related to climate change:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>\u201c<em>Climate change may cause social and cultural impacts, with communities changing the way they live, work, worship and socialise in building sites and landscapes, possibly migrating and abandoning their built heritage. Climate change may also cause impacts on livelihoods, food security, and the social fabric as a whole.<\/em>\u201d (<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/CC-policy-document\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2008<\/a>, p.3).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The Document responds explicitly to what was requested by the General Assembly of States Parties:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>Synergies with other international conventions and organisations<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the global level, the World Heritage Centre and Advisory Bodies seek to enhance synergies and foster cooperation between relevant organisations and structures working on climate change through networking for research, knowledge sharing, exchange of best practices, education and training, awareness raising and capacity building.<br><br>The comparative advantage of the <em>World Heritage Convention <\/em>and the impact it may have on climate change mitigation, relies on the States Parties\u2019 obligations to protect the <em>Outstanding Universal Value <\/em>of their Heritage Properties. Actions taken to mitigate the impacts of climate change at such well-known sites may influence the adoption of good management practices elsewhere. The overall objective to safeguard the OUV of World Heritage Properties allows these sites to \u201cserve as laboratories where monitoring, mitigation and adaptation processes can be applied, tested and improved.\u201d<br><br>States Parties to the <em>Convention<\/em> and managers of World Heritage properties are simultaneously encouraged to undertake site-level monitoring, mitigation, and adaptation measures and, where appropriate, include climate change communication, education, and activities to improve public awareness and knowledge of climate change and its potential to impact World Heritage Properties and their values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Research needs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The document highlights the need for increased data relevant to how climate change will impact various World Heritage Properties, particularly in regard to cultural ones. It further describes the need for increased capacity and financial resources for research, especially in developing countries, to more fully understand the current and predicted impacts to heritage. Site-specific research at World Heritage Properties helps raise public awareness regarding the dangers of climate change, and therefore, has the potential to help increase public and political support for concrete climate action.<br><br>The document identifies three different research needs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li>Research that responds to increased risk factors such as fire, drought, floods, avalanches, glacial lake outbursts, to support disaster management plans for properties.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\" start=\"2\"><li>Socio-economic research, such as cost-benefit analysis, evaluation of the economic losses from climate change and contingent assessment, as well as research into the impacts of climate change on societies, particularly traditional ones or in sites such as cultural landscapes where the way of life contributes to the OUV.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\" start=\"3\"><li>Research into the natural and sources of other stress factors (e.g. pollution, sedimentation, deforestation, poaching) impacting on properties, which can greatly reduce their resilience to the impacts of climate change.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>Legal questions and alternative mechanisms<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Articles 4 and 5 of the <em>Convention<\/em> highlight the fundamental obligation of States Parties to protect and conserve World Heritage Properties:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8220;<em><em>Each State Party to this Convention recognizes that the duty of ensuring the identification, protection, conservation, preservation and transmission to future generations of the cultural and natural heritage \u2026 situated on its territory, belongs primarily to that State. It will do all it can to this end, to the utmost of its own resources and, where appropriate, with any international assistance and cooperation, in particular, financial, artistic, scientific and technical, which it may be able to obtain.[&#8230;]&#8221;<\/em>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/CC-policy-document\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2008<\/a>, p.6).<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>This provision is the basis for States to ensure they are doing all that is necessary to address the causes and impacts of climate change on World Heritage Properties situated on their territories.<br><br>In the context of climate change, Article 6 of the Convention highlights the need for international collaboration to assess and address the causes and impacts of climate change on World Heritage Properties:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8220;<em><em><em>\u2026the States Parties to this Convention recognize that [such heritage] constitutes a world heritage for whose protection it is the duty of the international community as a whole to cooperate\u2026 States Parties [must] not take any deliberate measures which might damage directly or indirectly the cultural and natural heritage.<\/em><\/em><\/em>&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/CC-policy-document\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2008<\/a>, p.7).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Revisions to the Convention\u2019s Operational Guidelines<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>Operational Guidelines<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2021,a<\/a>) are the main instrument for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention.<br><br>Periodically updated, the most recent <em>2021 Operational Guidelines <\/em>highlight climate change in several points, including the recommendation for States Parties to <em>include disaster, climate change and other risk preparedness as an element in their World Heritage site management plans and training strategies. <\/em>The <em>Operational Guidelines<\/em> ensure the \u201clong-term safeguarding of Outstanding Universal Value and the strengthening of heritage resilience to disasters and climate change.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>Conclusions of the 2007 Policy Document<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The World Heritage community will work in collaboration with other partners and organisations, understanding shared responsibility, resources, and expertise in addressing the impacts of climate change on the Outstanding Universal Value, Authenticity, and Integrity of World Heritage Properties. The World Heritage Committee stands as an advocate for climate change research and properties are used where appropriate as a means to raise awareness about the various impacts this issue has on World Heritage. As such, climate change should be considered in all aspects of nominations, managing, monitoring and reporting on the status of World Heritage Properties. The Policy Document recognizes climate change as an existing and evolving threat to the OUV, Authenticity, and Integrity of World Heritage, and as such, the Committee recognises the utility of existing tools (e.g. <em>List of World Heritage in Danger<\/em>) and various processes (e.g. Reactive Monitoring, Periodic Reporting) of the <em>Convention<\/em> and the <em>Operational Guidelines<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class='cdsur-collapsed-content align '><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-top-line'><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-thumbnail'><img src='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/activity_397-500-300x300.jpg'><\/div><h6 class='cdsur-collapsed-content-title'><strong><strong>Research Priorities of the 2007 Policy Document<\/strong><\/strong><\/h6><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-opener' data-content-id=''><i class='icon icon-angle-down'><\/i><\/div><\/div><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-container'><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-text hasGallery '>Annex 1 of the 2007 Policy Document (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/CC-policy-document\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2008<\/a>) ) highlights a variety of research priorities regarding cultural heritage, such as:<br>\u25cf\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Understanding how a changing climate impacts the vulnerability of indoor, outdoor and buried material (such as the impacts posed by a dramatic increase or decrease in moisture).<br>\u25cf\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  Understanding how traditional materials and practices can adapt to a changing climate and extreme weather events.<br>\u25cf\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Development of methods and technologies for monitoring of site-specific climate impacts.<br>\u25cf\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Understanding how climate change impacts people and society, such as the movement of peoples, displacement of communities, their practices, livelihoods, and their relation with their heritage.<\/div><div id='7200' class='cdsur-collapsed-content-gallery wp-block-gallery'><figure class='cdsur-collapsed-content-gallery-item'><a href='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/activity_397-500.jpg' data-lightbox='7200' data-title=''><img alt='' id='img_1971' src='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/activity_397-500.jpg'><\/a><figcaption class='blocks-gallery-item-caption'><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>New Strategies after the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-counter='4' id='latLng_4' class='latLng-element'><\/span><script>window.latLng.markers = window.latLng.markers || []; window.latLng.markers = window.latLng.markers || {}; window.latLng.markers.push({id:\"latLng_4\", label:\"New Strategies after the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda\", lat:\"\", lng:\"\"})<\/script>The updated &#8220;<em>Policy Document on Climate Action for World Heritage&#8221; <\/em>was endorsed by the World Heritage Committee at its extended 44th session (online on 2021; <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/documents\/188493\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2021,b<\/a> &#8211; Decision 44 COM 7C), however it was requested that the UNESCO World Heritage Centre and Advisory bodies revise the updated document by incorporating amendments submitted during the extended 44th session, and to consult with World Heritage Committee members regarding the following (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/climatechange\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2022<\/a>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC) of States Parties, which is a fundamental pillar of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).<\/li><li>The alignment of climate change mitigation actions with CBDR-RC and the Nationally Determined Contributions accepted under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, except on a voluntary basis.<\/li><li>The need for support and capacity-building assistance, as well as the encouragement of technology transfer and financing from developed to developing countries.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Taking into consideration both the October 27, 2021 draft &#8220;<em>Updating of the Policy Document on climate action for World Heritage&#8221; (<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/archive\/2021\/whc21-23GA-11-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2021,e<\/a><em>) <\/em>and the various comments added by States Parties, the General Assembly of States Parties established an open-ended Working Group of States Parties, assisted by the World Heritage Centre and Advisory bodies, to develop the final version of the updated climate Policy Document to be presented in 2023 (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/climatechange\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2022<\/a>). <br><br>The science regarding climate change has become increasingly abundant and clear. Anthropogenic climate change has led to unprecedented concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases, resulting in approximately 1\u00b0C of global warming above pre-industrial times. This warming causes long-term changes in the global climate system, resulting in variation in the dynamics of rain patterns, sea-level rise, ocean warming and acidification, as well as an increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, storms, fires, floods, and droughts, with some impacts \u201clong-lasting or irreversible\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8220;<em><em>Climate change has become one of the most significant threats to World Heritage, impacting the Outstanding Universal Values (OUV), including integrity and authenticity, of many properties, as well as the economic and social development and quality of life of communities connected with World Heritage properties.<\/em><\/em>&#8220;(<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/archive\/2021\/whc21-23GA-inf11-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2021,e<\/a>, pp.16)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The updated policy document aims to address a number of key challenges and gaps in the implementation of the 2007 version. The document takes into account already adopted international policies and strategies, such as the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the regular reporting by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Paris Agreement (2015), the Policy Document for the Integration of a Sustainable Development Perspective into the Processes of the World Heritage Convention (2015), the New UNESCO Strategy for Action on Climate Change (2017), and the UNESCO Declaration of Ethical Principles in relation to Climate Change (2017).<br><br>The document further highlights the interconnections between climate change and its impacts on cultural World Heritage Properties. Cultural landscapes, historic cities, archaeological sites, and vernacular architecture are impacted by climate change, while also demonstrating locally developed strategies for climate change mitigation through \u201cenergy efficient built form and sustainable use of local resources\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/archive\/2021\/whc21-23GA-inf11-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2021,e<\/a>, p. 17). The document further highlights the interconnections between climate change and its impacts on cultural World Heritage properties. Cultural landscapes, historic cities, archaeological sites, and vernacular architecture are impacted by climate change, while also demonstrating locally developed strategies for climate change mitigation through \u201cenergy efficient built form and sustainable use of local resources\u201d(<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/archive\/2021\/whc21-23GA-inf11-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2021,e<\/a>, p. 18).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8220;&#8230;<em><em>World Heritage properties can play an exemplary role in implementing integrated approaches that link both cultural and natural heritage in climate action and demonstrate how transformative change can help in strengthening resilience and achieving sustainable development.<\/em>&#8221; <\/em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/archive\/2021\/whc21-23GA-inf11-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2021,e<\/a>, pp. 21)<em>.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>World Heritage Climate Action Goals<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The updated document presents a set of climate action goals looking towards 2030. These goals \u201cguide how World Heritage processes can effectively contribute to the transformative change needed to halt and reverse the negative trends associated with climate change.\u201d The proposed goals, and key categories of climate action regarding World Heritage Properties, include assessing climate risks, climate adaptation, climate mitigation, knowledge sharing, as well as capacity and awareness building.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class='cdsur-collapsed-content align '><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-top-line'><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-thumbnail'><img src='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/activity-393-37-500-0-20220311094709-300x300.jpg'><\/div><h6 class='cdsur-collapsed-content-title'><strong>The Updating Process of the Policy Document: Recommendations and Guiding Principles<\/strong><\/h6><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-opener' data-content-id=''><i class='icon icon-angle-down'><\/i><\/div><\/div><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-container'><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-text hasGallery '>The updating process has focused on a number of revisions, including (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/climatechange\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2022<\/a>):<br><br>\u25cf\u00a0Ensuring the updated document is fully anchored in the World Heritage system, within the scope of the Convention.<br>\u25cf\u00a0Establishing clear links with the UN 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement, and all   other relevant World Heritage policies.<br>\u25cf\u00a0Grounding it in contemporary climate policy and the best available science, while also recognizing the importance of Indigenous knowledge systems for the management and conservation of World Heritage Properties<br>\u25cf\u00a0Highlighting the importance of education and capacity-building<br>\u25cf\u00a0Having an action-oriented approach, clearly identifying the actors, their roles, and responsibilities (Committee-level, national-level, site-level)<br>\u25cf\u00a0Finding the balance between a too general approach and one which would be too prescriptive<br>\u25cf\u00a0Ensuring sufficient guidance to encourage and facilitate its implementation at all levels<br><br>The main gaps in the 2007 Policy Document addressed by the updated document:<br><br>\u25cf\u00a0The 2007 policy functions as an international tool for climate change but does not provide adequate guidance for its implementation<br>\u25cf\u00a0Does not recognize the direct or indirect impacts of climate change on communities and intangible heritage of World Heritage Properties<br>\u25cf\u00a0Missing guidance for adaptive management<br>\u25cf\u00a0Practical recommendations and guidelines to mitigate climate change on properties to be incorporated<br>\u25cf\u00a0Need for increased awareness of the document and its implications at the national, local, and property levels<br><br><strong><strong>Key Recommendations for the updated document:<\/strong><\/strong><br><br>\u25cf\u00a0A thematic approach with respect to various climate change hazards and different typologies of heritage<br>\u25cf\u00a0Consider vulnerability of Intangible Heritage to the impacts of climate change<br>\u25cf\u00a0Reflect the interconnectedness between nature and culture<br>\u25cf\u00a0Emphasise the risk assessment of World Heritage Properties due to climate change, particularly with impacts to OUV<br>\u25cf\u00a0Develop and update baseline data for assessing the impact of climate change on Heritage Properties<br>\u25cf\u00a0Encourage States Parties to actively participate in monitoring, adapting, mitigating, and responding to climate change impacts.<br><br><strong><strong>Guiding Principles:<\/strong><\/strong><br><br>The updated policy includes a number of guiding principles to accompany its implementation:<br><br>1. Adopt a precautionary approach aimed at minimising the risks associated with climate change<br>2. Anticipate, avoid and minimise harm to protect the heritage of Outstanding Universal Value<br>3. Use best available knowledge, generated through disciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary processes, including from scientists, researchers, site managers, Indigenous Peoples and local communities<br>4. Integrate a Sustainable Development Perspective<br>5. Promote global partnership, inclusion and solidarity<br><br>The long-term vision of this policy document is that each State Party understands the current and future impacts that climate change may have on the Outstanding Universal Value of a given World Heritage Site, and undertakes \u201ceffective, ambitious, cooperative and active\u201d climate action.<\/div><div id='6211' class='cdsur-collapsed-content-gallery wp-block-gallery'><figure class='cdsur-collapsed-content-gallery-item'><a href='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/activity-393-37-500-0-20220311094709.jpg' data-lightbox='6211' data-title=''><img alt='' id='img_1974' src='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/activity-393-37-500-0-20220311094709.jpg'><\/a><figcaption class='blocks-gallery-item-caption'><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='cdsur-collapsed-content-gallery-item'><a href='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/activity-393-10.jpg' data-lightbox='6211' data-title=''><img alt='' id='img_1976' src='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/activity-393-10.jpg'><\/a><figcaption class='blocks-gallery-item-caption'><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='cdsur-collapsed-content-gallery-item'><a href='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/activity-393-9.jpg' data-lightbox='6211' data-title=''><img alt='' id='img_1978' src='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/activity-393-9.jpg'><\/a><figcaption class='blocks-gallery-item-caption'><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='cdsur-collapsed-content-gallery-item'><a href='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/activity-393-8.jpg' data-lightbox='6211' data-title=''><img alt='' id='img_1980' src='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/activity-393-8.jpg'><\/a><figcaption class='blocks-gallery-item-caption'><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>Climate Change and Historic Cities<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span data-counter='5' id='latLng_5' class='latLng-element'><\/span><script>window.latLng.markers = window.latLng.markers || []; window.latLng.markers = window.latLng.markers || {}; window.latLng.markers.push({id:\"latLng_5\", label:\"Climate Change and Historic Cities\", lat:\"\", lng:\"\"})<\/script>Dominant western narrative tends to uphold that climate change is a problem of the future. However the message of the 2022 IPCC report is clear: if we want to mitigate the worst effects of climate change, we need to act now. Extreme weather events have already impacted various areas around the world, threatening livelihoods and presenting a threat to many cultural landscapes and World Heritage properties. In 2007, following the UNESCO report on &#8220;<em>Predicting and Managing the Effects of Climate Change on World Heritage<\/em>&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/documents\/publi_wh_papers_22_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Collette 2007,a<\/a>), a compilation of &#8220;Case Studies&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/activities\/473\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Collette 2007,b<\/a>) on Climate Change and World Heritage was prepared under the guidance of the World Heritage Committee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps one of the most evident examples of climate change threatening cultural heritage is Venice and its Lagoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" src=\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/109661384_gettyimages-1187401826.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1985\" srcset=\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/109661384_gettyimages-1187401826.jpg 976w, https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/109661384_gettyimages-1187401826-600x338.jpg 600w, https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/109661384_gettyimages-1187401826-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 976px) 100vw, 976px\" \/><figcaption>Getty Image, from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-50416306\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-50416306<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Rising waters and flooding are becoming increasingly frequent events for the city of Venice and conservative modelling suggests that Venice could be flooded daily by the end of the century.<br><br>Like many historical cities, Venice not only faces the threat of climate change but also the pressures of over-tourism, large cruise ships, and new developments. In 2019, the World Heritage Committee <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/news\/2043\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">warned<\/a> that significant progress, as well as an integrated management system, would be necessary to keep the city off the <em>List of World Heritage in Danger.<\/em> Following the recommendation of the World Heritage Committee, the Italian government <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beniculturali.it\/comunicato\/21014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">banned<\/a> large cruise ships from entering the Venice Lagoon starting from 2021. Although the property is not currently listed as endangered, <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/soc\/4102\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">many factors<\/a> still threaten the characteristics that define it as a World Heritage Property of Outstanding Universal Value, including the constant decrease of population and the lack of an integrated management plan to safeguard the city\u2019s historical authenticity.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"890\" height=\"520\" src=\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/news_2055-890-520-20191118093352-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1990\" srcset=\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/news_2055-890-520-20191118093352-1.jpg 890w, https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/news_2055-890-520-20191118093352-1-600x351.jpg 600w, https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/news_2055-890-520-20191118093352-1-768x449.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 890px) 100vw, 890px\" \/><figcaption>\u00a9\u00a0UNESCO, from: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/news\/2055\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/news\/2055\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>According to UNESCO, more than one-third of World Heritage cities are located in coastal areas threatened by rising sea levels (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/events\/1633\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2021,f<\/a>). Although this represents a large-scale and very noticeable threat, climate change is also impacting Heritage Properties that do not face the looming danger of rising tides. Higher temperatures, increased precipitation, drought, and the increased frequency of extreme weather events threaten a number of Heritage Sites and the economies and communities that depend on tourism. As outlined in the UNESCO report &#8220;<em>World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate<\/em>&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/tourism-climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNEP\/UNESCO\/UCS 2016<\/a>), the threats of climate change have the potential to seriously degrade the \u201cvery attributes that make World Heritage sites such popular tourist destinations,\u201d as well as exacerbating other stresses including pollution, rapid urbanisation, loss of intangible cultural heritage and the impacts of poorly managed tourism. Although providing wonderful opportunities to learn and experience the world, tourism is heavily reliant on energy-intensive modes of transport and is estimated to contribute approximately 5% of global carbon emissions (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/tourism-climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNEP\/UNESCO\/UCS 2016<\/a>). It should be additionally noted that 70% of the world\u2019s greenhouse gas emissions are produced by cities, and as such, they must play an important role in climate mitigation and adaptation (<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/events\/1633\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO 2021,f<\/a>).  A key aspect of confronting the climate crisis in World Heritage Cities and ensuring adequate urban heritage conservation is underscored in the variety of programs, initiatives, and international agreements regarding sustainable development. UNESCO promotes the implementation of sustainable tourism and measures to reduce the impacts of climate change to increase the resilience of World Heritage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8220;<em><em>Continued climate-driven degradation and disruption to cultural and natural heritage at World Heritage sites will negatively affect the tourism sector, reduce the attractiveness of destinations and lessen economic opportunities for local communities<\/em><\/em>.&#8221;<em> <\/em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/tourism-climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNEP\/UNESCO\/UCS 2016<\/a>)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>In the last decade, Rome has experienced a record number of extreme weather events, including flooding after intense rainfall, tornadoes, and prolonged droughts connected to extreme temperature. These events interrupted public transport, damaged infrastructure, and brought various risks to public health and safety. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmcc.it\/it\/report-roma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">An analysis of the risks<\/a> connected to climate change, by the <em>Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC)<\/em>, highlights the various risks facing Rome, including the increasing trends of average temperature, hot nights, and maximum daily precipitation. As highlighted in the document edited by the CMCC (<a href=\"https:\/\/files.cmcc.it\/rischio_clima_2021\/CLIMA_Roma_Completo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Spano <em>et alii<\/em>, 2021<\/a>), each year since 2011, has recorded higher temperatures compared to the year before, which profoundly impacts human health and energy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/files.cmcc.it\/rischio_clima_2021\/CLIMA_Roma_Completo.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1148\" height=\"1272\" src=\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/cmcc.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1993\" srcset=\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/cmcc.jpg 1148w, https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/cmcc-542x600.jpg 542w, https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/cmcc-768x851.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1148px) 100vw, 1148px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Immagine da <a href=\"https:\/\/files.cmcc.it\/rischio_clima_2021\/CLIMA_Roma_Completo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Spano <em>et alii<\/em>, 2021<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This analysis shows that, without adequate climate policy, Rome should expect an increase in average temperature in all seasons, coupled with a decrease in average precipitation during summer months:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"914\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/cmcc1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1995\" srcset=\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/cmcc1.jpg 914w, https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/cmcc1-536x600.jpg 536w, https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/cmcc1-768x860.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 914px) 100vw, 914px\" \/><figcaption>Immagine da Immagine da <a href=\"https:\/\/files.cmcc.it\/rischio_clima_2021\/CLIMA_Roma_Completo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Spano <em>et alii<\/em>, 2021<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As outlined in the CMCC report, the two most significant factors relative to climate change in Rome are temperature and precipitation. Urban environments heat up more than surrounding areas and are thus defined as urban heat islands. The city of Rome, like other big cities, is densely constructed and subjected to high levels of pollution (further aggravated by the increased use of air-conditioning). As predicted by the analysis, an increase in the duration of heatwaves will result in a marked increase in associated daily mortality.<br><br>With respect to precipitation, Rome is particularly exposed to <em>pluvial <\/em>(i.e. rainfall) and <em>fluvial <\/em>(river) flooding. Since approximately 91% of Rome\u2019s urban territory is impervious, stormwater disposal is difficult and tends to damage built structures. From 2010 to 2020, there were roughly 42 intense precipitation events in Rome. As already noted, climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of flooding events, placing both civilians and Rome\u2019s rich collection of cultural heritage. There is a regulatory framework regarding current and future risks posed by climate change to the city, including the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.comune.roma.it\/web-resources\/cms\/documents\/strategiaresilienza180618.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Strategia di Resilienza<\/em><\/a> (100 Resilient Cities), the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pattodeisindaci.eu\/IMG\/pdf\/CoM_CommitmentDocument_it.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Patto dei Sindaci per il clima e l&#8217;energia<\/a><\/em> and the global <a href=\"https:\/\/www.c40.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>network C40<\/em><\/a><em>, <\/em>which are all aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and environmental risks, while also encouraging sustainable and resilient cities. It would be desirable to explicitly add the risk factors, and possible solutions, regarding the climate change impacts on the city\u2019s built World Heritage.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class='cdsur-collapsed-content align '><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-top-line'><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-thumbnail'><img src='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/UNECE.jpg'><\/div><h6 class='cdsur-collapsed-content-title'><strong><strong>Atmospheric Pollution puts Cultural Heritage at Risk<\/strong><\/strong><\/h6><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-opener' data-content-id=''><i class='icon icon-angle-down'><\/i><\/div><\/div><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-container'><div class='cdsur-collapsed-content-text hasGallery '>Air pollution not only affects the health and safety of city dwellers, but also increases the degradation of historical monuments and buildings. Chemical corrosion and air pollution can cause irreversible surface damage to exposed structures, leading to the damage or destruction of our shared cultural heritage. In particular risk of deterioration are the some 3600 artefacts of cultural heritage made of limestone and the 60 objects made of bronze (<a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/environment\/news\/air-pollution-puts-cultural-heritage-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNECE 2015<\/a>). Damage to these sites also represents severe economic loss, including a potential decrease of tourism and high maintenance and restoration costs. For example, the total annual cost of maintenance of the limestone surface of the Colosseum has been estimated at around \u20ac 680,000 per year (<a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/media\/Environment\/press\/1414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNECE 2020<\/a>). Furthermore, studies have shown that the effects of atmospheric pollution on historic materials is more intense in Mediterranean countries, such as Italy, compared to countries in Northern Europe.<\/div><div id='1816' class='cdsur-collapsed-content-gallery wp-block-gallery'><figure class='cdsur-collapsed-content-gallery-item'><a href='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/UNECE.jpg' data-lightbox='1816' data-title=''><img alt='' id='img_1997' src='https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/UNECE.jpg'><\/a><figcaption class='blocks-gallery-item-caption'><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"alignwide wp-block-heading\">Bibliografy and Sitegrafy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>CMCC. Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, \u201c<em>Analisi del Rischio, I cambiamenti climatici in sei citt\u00e0 italiane<\/em>&#8220;, ROMA\u201d. 2021: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmcc.it\/it\/rischio-clima-citta-2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.cmcc.it\/it\/rischio-clima-citta-2021<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Collette A. (ed.), \u201c<em>Climate Change and World Heritage. Report on Predicting and managing the impacts of climate change on World Heritage <\/em>and <em>Strategy to assist States Parties to implement appropriate management responses<\/em>\u201d. UNESCO. France, May 2007a: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/documents\/publi_wh_papers_22_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/documents\/publi_wh_papers_22_en.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Collette A. (ed.), \u201c<em>Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage<\/em>\u201d. UNESCO. France, 2007b: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/activities\/473\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/activities\/473\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>ICOMOS. Climate Change and Cultural Heritage Working Group, \u201c<em>The Future of Our Pasts: Engaging cultural heritage in climate action<\/em>\u201d.&nbsp; Paris, 1 Jul 2019a: <a href=\"https:\/\/openarchive.icomos.org\/id\/eprint\/2459\/1\/CCHWG_final_print.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/openarchive.icomos.org\/id\/eprint\/2459\/1\/CCHWG_final_print.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>ICOMOS,<em> &#8220;ICOMOS work on Climate change&#8221;<\/em>. 13 Sept. 2019b: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icomos.org\/en\/focus\/climate-change\/60669-icomos-work-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.icomos.org\/en\/focus\/climate-change\/60669-icomos-work-on-climate-change<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>ICOMOS. ICOMOS Working Groups, <em>\u201cClimate Action Working Group<\/em>\u201d. 23 Mar. 2022: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icomos.org\/en\/what-we-do\/disseminating-knowledge\/icomos-working-groups?start=6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.icomos.org\/en\/what-we-do\/disseminating-knowledge\/icomos-working-groups?start=6<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>MiC. Ufficio UNESCO, \u201c <em>Convenzione dell\u2019Aja; La Convenzione per la protezione di beni culturali in caso di conflitto armato (1954) e protocolli aggiuntivi<\/em>\u201d: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.beniculturali.it\/english-convenzione-dellaja-1954\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.unesco.beniculturali.it\/english-convenzione-dellaja-1954\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>MiC. News: \u201c<em>UNESCO, evitata l\u2019iscrizione di Venezia nella lista del patrimonio mondiale in pericolo<\/em>\u201d. 22 Lug. 2021: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beniculturali.it\/comunicato\/21014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.beniculturali.it\/comunicato\/21014<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>P\u00f6rtner H.-O. <em>et alii <\/em>(eds.), \u201c<em>IPCC, 2022:<\/em> <em>Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability<\/em>\u201d, in Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. In Press. 2022: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg2\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Spano D. <em>et alii<\/em>, \u201c<em>Analisi del rischio. I cambiamenti climatici in sei citt\u00e0 italiane<\/em>\u201d . Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici. 2021: <a href=\"https:\/\/files.cmcc.it\/rischio_clima_2021\/CLIMA_Roma_Completo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/files.cmcc.it\/rischio_clima_2021\/CLIMA_Roma_Completo.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNECE, \u201c<em>Air pollution puts cultural heritage at risk<\/em>\u201d. 13 Mar. 2015: <a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/environment\/news\/air-pollution-puts-cultural-heritage-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/unece.org\/environment\/news\/air-pollution-puts-cultural-heritage-risk<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNECE, \u201c<em>Dirty air endangers UNESCO World Heritage Sites and produces high costs<\/em>\u201d. 10 Maj 2020: <a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/media\/Environment\/press\/1414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/unece.org\/media\/Environment\/press\/1414<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNEP\/UNESCO\/UCS, \u201c<em>World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate<\/em>\u201d. Kenya, France, USA, 2016: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/tourism-climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/tourism-climate-change\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>Convenzione riguardante la protezione sul piano mondiale del patrimonio culturale e naturale<\/em>\u201d. France, 1972: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.beniculturali.it\/pdf\/ConvenzionePatrimonioMondiale1972-ITA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.unesco.beniculturali.it\/pdf\/ConvenzionePatrimonioMondiale1972-ITA.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>Decision 29 COM 7B.a Threats to World Heritage Properties<\/em>\u201d. 29th Session of the World Heritage Committee (29 COM), 2005: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/decisions\/351\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/decisions\/351\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>Decision 30 COM 7.1 Iussues Related to the State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties: the Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Properites <\/em>\u201d. 30th Session of the World Heritage Committee (30 COM), 2006: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/CC-policy-document\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/CC-policy-document\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>Policy Document on the Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Properties<\/em>\u201d. Paris, 2008: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/CC-policy-document\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/CC-policy-document\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>Decision 40 COM 7 State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties<\/em>\u201d. 40th Session of the World Heritage Committee (40 COM), 2016 : <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/decisions\/6817\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/decisions\/6817\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>UNESCO Strategy for Action on Climate Change<\/em>\u201d. Item 4.9 of the provisional agenda. 39<sup>th<\/sup> Session General Conference. Paris, 2 Oct. 2017,a: <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000259255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000259255<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>Decision 41 COM 7 State of Conservation of the Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List<\/em>\u201d. 41st Session of the World Heritage Committee (41 COM), 2017,b:&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/decisions\/6940\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/decisions\/6940\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>UNESCO closely monitoring ongoing threats to Venice World Heritage site<\/em>\u201d. 14 Oct. 2019,a: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/news\/2043\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/news\/2043\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>Changing minds, not the climate: UNESCO mobilizes to address the climate crisis<\/em>\u201d. Paris, 2019,b: <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000370750.locale=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000370750.locale=en<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention<\/em>\u201d. World Heritage Centre. Paris, 3 Jul. 2021,a:<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/guidelines\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>Decision 44 COM 7C Amended draft decision<\/em>\u201d. Extended 44th Session of the World Heritage Committee 18 July 2021,b:&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/documents\/188493\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/documents\/188493<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>Evaluation of UNESCO\u2019s Strategy for Action on Climate Change<\/em>\u201d. (2018 \u2013 2021), IOS\/EVS\/PI 196. Paris, May 2021,c: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/sessions\/44COM\/documents\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/sessions\/44COM\/documents\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, Internal Oversight Service, \u201c<em>Evaluation of UNESCO\u2019s Strategy for Action on Climate Change<\/em>\u201d. Item 8 of the provisional agenda. 212 Session Executive Board, Paris, 16 Aug. 2021,d: <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000378552_eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000378552_eng<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>Updating of the Policy Document on climate action for World Heritage<\/em>\u201d. 23<sup>rd<\/sup> Session of the General Assembly of States Parties. Paris, Nov. 2021,e: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/archive\/2021\/whc21-23GA-inf11-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/archive\/2021\/whc21-23GA-inf11-en.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO. Events: \u201c<em>World Heritage City Lab \u2014 Historic Cities, Climate Change, Water, and Energy<\/em>\u201d<em>.<\/em> 16-17 Dec. 2021,f: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/events\/1633\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/events\/1633\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO. News: \u201c<em>Venice and its Lagoon<\/em>\u201d<em>.<\/em> 2021,g: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/soc\/4102\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/soc\/4102\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>UNESCO, \u201c<em>Climate Change and World Heritage\u201d<\/em>. 2022: <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/climatechange\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/climatechange\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Kristen Pundyk<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From rising temperatures and sea levels, to desertification and extreme weather events, climate change presents a global crisis that requires global collective action. The science is clear: without concrete and decisive climate action, we stand to lose a lot. This crisis not only puts natural sites around the world in danger, but also our abundance&#8230; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/\"> Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1930,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"cdsur_event_start_date":"","cdsur_event_end_date":"","cdsur_event_date_description":"","cdsur_event_lng":"","cdsur_event_lat":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[34,32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2158","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-costruire-en","category-pathways","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Climate Change and Cultural Heritage - Centro Documentazione Sito Patrimonio Mondiale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage\ufffc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Climate Change and Cultural Heritage - Centro Documentazione Sito Patrimonio Mondiale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"From rising temperatures and sea levels, to desertification and extreme weather events, climate change presents a global crisis that requires global collective action. The science is clear: without concrete and decisive climate action, we stand to lose a lot. This crisis not only puts natural sites around the world in danger, but also our abundance... Read More\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage\ufffc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Centro Documentazione Sito Patrimonio Mondiale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/SovrintendenzaCapitolina\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-07-12T12:58:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-07-14T13:47:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Big-Oil-cambiamento-climatico-clima-ambiente-COP26.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"419\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin_cdsur\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Sovrintendenza\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@Sovrintendenza\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin_cdsur\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"24 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin_cdsur\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#\/schema\/person\/dd84a6f87c36a26baaa686bab2d069cb\"},\"headline\":\"Climate Change and Cultural Heritage\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-07-12T12:58:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-07-14T13:47:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/\"},\"wordCount\":5231,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Big-Oil-cambiamento-climatico-clima-ambiente-COP26.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Costruire\",\"Pathways\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/\",\"name\":\"Climate Change and Cultural Heritage - Centro Documentazione Sito Patrimonio Mondiale\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Big-Oil-cambiamento-climatico-clima-ambiente-COP26.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-07-12T12:58:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-07-14T13:47:00+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Big-Oil-cambiamento-climatico-clima-ambiente-COP26.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Big-Oil-cambiamento-climatico-clima-ambiente-COP26.jpg\",\"width\":630,\"height\":419},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Climate Change and Cultural Heritage\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/\",\"name\":\"Centro Documentazione Sito Patrimonio Mondiale\",\"description\":\"Centro storico di Roma, le propriet\u00e0 extraterritoriali della Santa Sede nella citt\u00e0 e San Paolo fuori le Mura\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"Roma Sito UNESCO\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura\",\"alternateName\":\"Roma Sito UNESCO\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/logo-cdsur.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/logo-cdsur.png\",\"width\":1809,\"height\":501,\"caption\":\"Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/SovrintendenzaCapitolina\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/Sovrintendenza\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/sovrintendenzacapitolina\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/SovraintendenzaRoma\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#\/schema\/person\/dd84a6f87c36a26baaa686bab2d069cb\",\"name\":\"admin_cdsur\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/bf743a407cc8e3f918452add0a54d069de8aa294ea59d1759bb63e38ecfab74a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/bf743a407cc8e3f918452add0a54d069de8aa294ea59d1759bb63e38ecfab74a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"admin_cdsur\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Climate Change and Cultural Heritage - Centro Documentazione Sito Patrimonio Mondiale","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage\ufffc\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Climate Change and Cultural Heritage - Centro Documentazione Sito Patrimonio Mondiale","og_description":"From rising temperatures and sea levels, to desertification and extreme weather events, climate change presents a global crisis that requires global collective action. The science is clear: without concrete and decisive climate action, we stand to lose a lot. This crisis not only puts natural sites around the world in danger, but also our abundance... Read More","og_url":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage\ufffc\/","og_site_name":"Centro Documentazione Sito Patrimonio Mondiale","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/SovrintendenzaCapitolina","article_published_time":"2022-07-12T12:58:48+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-07-14T13:47:00+00:00","og_image":[{"width":630,"height":419,"url":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Big-Oil-cambiamento-climatico-clima-ambiente-COP26.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin_cdsur","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@Sovrintendenza","twitter_site":"@Sovrintendenza","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin_cdsur","Est. reading time":"24 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/"},"author":{"name":"admin_cdsur","@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#\/schema\/person\/dd84a6f87c36a26baaa686bab2d069cb"},"headline":"Climate Change and Cultural Heritage","datePublished":"2022-07-12T12:58:48+00:00","dateModified":"2022-07-14T13:47:00+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/"},"wordCount":5231,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Big-Oil-cambiamento-climatico-clima-ambiente-COP26.jpg","articleSection":["Costruire","Pathways"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/","url":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/","name":"Climate Change and Cultural Heritage - Centro Documentazione Sito Patrimonio Mondiale","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Big-Oil-cambiamento-climatico-clima-ambiente-COP26.jpg","datePublished":"2022-07-12T12:58:48+00:00","dateModified":"2022-07-14T13:47:00+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Big-Oil-cambiamento-climatico-clima-ambiente-COP26.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Big-Oil-cambiamento-climatico-clima-ambiente-COP26.jpg","width":630,"height":419},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/climate-change-and-cultural-heritage%ef%bf%bc\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Climate Change and Cultural Heritage"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#website","url":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/","name":"Centro Documentazione Sito Patrimonio Mondiale","description":"Centro storico di Roma, le propriet\u00e0 extraterritoriali della Santa Sede nella citt\u00e0 e San Paolo fuori le Mura","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#organization"},"alternateName":"Roma Sito UNESCO","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#organization","name":"Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura","alternateName":"Roma Sito UNESCO","url":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/logo-cdsur.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/logo-cdsur.png","width":1809,"height":501,"caption":"Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/SovrintendenzaCapitolina","https:\/\/x.com\/Sovrintendenza","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/sovrintendenzacapitolina","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/SovraintendenzaRoma"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#\/schema\/person\/dd84a6f87c36a26baaa686bab2d069cb","name":"admin_cdsur","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/bf743a407cc8e3f918452add0a54d069de8aa294ea59d1759bb63e38ecfab74a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/bf743a407cc8e3f918452add0a54d069de8aa294ea59d1759bb63e38ecfab74a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"admin_cdsur"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/romasitounesco.it"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2158","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2158"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2158\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1930"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2158"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2158"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/romasitounesco.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}